B12 injections bypass the gastrointestinal tract and are 100% bioavailable, making them ideal for patients with pernicious anemia, GI disorders, or severe deficiency
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The definition of skeletal muscle mass depletion was based on the guideline described by the Japan Society of Hepatology (42 cm 2 /m 2 in men and 38 cm 2 /m 2 in women)
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1694550 Received 28 August 2025 Revised 03 January 2026 Accepted 06 January 2026 Published 27 January 2026 Volume 17 - 2026 Edited by Hossein Neamatzadeh, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Iran Reviewed by Sedigheh Ekraminasab, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Iran Walter Moos, University of California, San Francisco, United States Updates Copyright 2026 Li, Mao, Zhang and Xu