Various oxidative stress markers, including lipid peroxide [80], malondialdehyde [133], a marker of oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine [119], and protein carbonyls [134, 135] are increased in ASD children
This helps maintain stable levels even when oral supplements are ineffective
BTW, it's also a building block of a bunch of important and famous peptides, including copper-tripeptide-1, palmitoyl tripeptide-1 or palmitoyl hexapeptide-12
Gene expression on BDNF and SK-3 was quantified using real-time PCR, revealing that VPA reduced the expression BDNF, which plays a crucial role in synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival, and increased GSK-3, which is involved in neurodevelopment and neuroinflammation whereas crocin dose-dependently normalized both markers (Hosseini et al., 2025)