doi: 10.1016/j.focha.2025.100919 Summary Keywords alleviating mechanism, gut microbiota, health benefits, live biotherapeutics, next generation probiotics, probiotics Citation El-Saadony MT, Saad AM, Sitohy M, Alkafaas SS, Dladla M, Ghosh S, Mohammed DM, Ibrahim EH, Fahmy MA, Elkelish A, AbuQamar SF and El-Tarabily KA (2026) Probiotics and human health: biological activities, nutritional aspects, immunomodulatory properties, applications, and future perspectives - a comprehensive review
What FDA has said recently (high-level, patient-friendly summary) FDA maintains a page describing certain bulk drug substances used in compounding that may present significant safety risks, including AOD-9604, noting concerns such as potential immunogenicity and limited safety-related information for some uses/routes
Now, if you're African-American, I cannot make you Caucasian
So pills may serve some benefit, but IV glutathione is the gold standard