Eating less often means lower intake of electrolytes like sodium and potassium, while side effects such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea can increase fluid and mineral losses
The paw withdrawal latency (PWL) to heat was measured after either intraperitoneal or oral gavage administration of glucose (2.0 g/kg body weight) in a volume of 200 L or the same volume of vehicle (0.9% saline) ( n = 5 per group)

Alternative medication classes should be considered if GLP-1 therapy proves intolerable: SGLT2 inhibitors (such as dapagliflozin, empagliflozin) for type 2 diabetes, which work via a completely different mechanism and rarely cause gastrointestinal side effects DPP-4 inhibitors (such as sitagliptin, linagliptin), which enhance endogenous GLP-1 activity more gently Metformin remains first-line for type 2 diabetes, though it can also cause gastrointestinal side effects Orlistat for weight management, though this also has gastrointestinal side effects of a different nature For weight management specifically, NICE recommends a comprehensive approach including dietary modification, increased physical activity, and behavioural interventions, with or without pharmacotherapy
injection of either GLP-1 (3 nmol/50 l saline) or ghrelin (1.5 nmol/50 l saline), then 30 min later they received the other peptide