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Studies have confirmed that PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK)/Parkin [87] , BCL2 Interacting Protein 3-Like/NIP3-like protein X (BNIP3L/NIX) [88] , and FUN14 Domain Containing 1 (FUNDC1) [89] are critical pathways mediating mitophagy, which alleviates damage from myocardial infarction and heart failure

This reduction may compromise the liver's ability to manage oxidative stress and perform detoxification, potentially contributing to disease progression

Disease activity appears to correlate with the level of this marker

Short-chain fatty acids ameliorate diabetic nephropathy via GPR43-mediated inhibition of oxidative stress and NF-kappaB signaling