Despite all these knowledge, there are documented drawbacks to fish oil use, which includes the presence of heavy metal contamination and antibiotics in fish sources (Sidhu, 2003), as well as smells and odors that are undesirable, issues with stability, high cost, and challenges in purifying because of the small levels of DHA and EPA fatty acids ( Figure 1 3.1 Sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids 3.1.1 Microbial sources Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, mosses, and protozoa can manufacture diverse polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) through aerobic and anaerobic pathways (Huang et al., 2023)
The most common side effect is temporary site irritation, including redness, itching, or mild pain at the injection location
It delivers medication through oral mucosa absorption for targeted local or systemic effects
How long it lasts can be anywhere from a few minutes to hours, based on the dose and how well the patient can handle it