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Hemibiotrophs are a third group of plant pathogenic fungi characterized by an early biotrophic phase of pathogenesis later converting into a necrotrophic lifestyle (Barna et al., 2017)
Common causes include: Pernicious anaemia Malabsorption disorders (e.g., coeliac disease, Crohns) Chronic alcohol abuse Long-term use of antacids or metformin Vegan or vegetarian diet without supplementation 3
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Before starting therapy, discuss your complete medical history, including any history of pancreatitis, thyroid disease (particularly medullary thyroid carcinoma or multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2), diabetic retinopathy, kidney disease, gallbladder disease, or gastrointestinal disorders
