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Various topical, oral, and injection-based cosmetic skin-lightening agents with different mechanisms of action are used widely across Asia, including hydroquinone, azelaic acid, kojic acid, mulberry, alpha-arbutin, beta-arbutin, glutathione, licorice root, papaya, vitamin A (e.g., retinol), vitamin B (i.e., niacinamide), and vitamin C
3 Future studies are needed to determine whether this class of medications inhibits progression from nonexudative to neovascular or late atrophic stages of AMD
This article will present a rapid and reliable method for measuring GPx activity, which has been rigorously tested and proven dependable