All these systems were discovered and extensively studied upon the realization that inflammatory responses are brought down to homeostatic levels by the active engagement of endogenous pathways rather than passively as previously believed (134)
Interestingly, the neural circuits responsible for the metabolic effects of GLP-1R agonism may be distinct from those mediating nausea or malaise (Huang et al., 2024), suggesting that future therapies could be tailored to preserve metabolic benefits while minimizing gastrointestinal side effects
331,332 As a bridge of intercellular communication, classical exosomes have a monolayer structure, which can encapsulate bioactive substances, such as proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA, in the core and deliver them to effector cells to play specific biological functions (Fig
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