The schematic illustrates the sequential phases of wound healing and the interplay between key cellular actors (neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells) and cytokines (e.g., TNF-, IL-6, TGF-, IL-10)
Javanmardi Z, Mahmoudi M, Rafatpanah H, Rezaieyazdi Z, Shapouri-Moghaddam A, Ahmadi P, Mollazadeh S, Tabasi NS, Esmaeili SA (2024) Tolerogenic probiotics Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus rhamnosus promote anti-inflammatory profile of macrophages-derived monocytes of newly diagnosed patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
When levels drop, the effects can be wide-ranging and often mistaken for everyday stress or ageing
Medical Review REGEN scientific content was reviewed for accuracy on 2026-07-29 By Dr