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Intestinal surgery involving partial or complete removal of the ileum will also cause B12 deficiency, because receptors needed for the absorption of B12 are located in this area
It is also linked with reducing scar appearance and supporting nerve regeneration
These are open research questions, and the combination data come largely from preclinical and short-term studies that have not been validated in large human trials
Common causes include: Pernicious anaemia Conditions affecting absorption in the stomach or intestines Certain medications Dietary insufficiency, particularly in strict vegan diets Increasing age Identifying the underlying cause is important because treatment recommendations may vary
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