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Its molecular structure was optimized through genetic engineering technology: an additional 13 amino acids were added to the N-terminus of natural IGF-1 (70 amino acids, molecular weight 7.4 kDa) to form a long-chain structure of 83 amino acids (molecular weight 9.11 kDa), and the third glutamic acid (Glu) was replaced with arginine (Arg), hence the name "R3"
Start with lower doses to assess tolerance, gradually increasing as appropriate
The samples were rotated at room temperature for 3 hours before washing with the 2 nd wash buffer (50 mM TEAB, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% NP-40) 3 times, 3 times with PBS and 3 times with water
Nonetheless, the mechanistic alignment between these pathways provides a biologically plausible rationale for future investigationparticularly in the context of dementia prevention, where upstream metabolic and vascular interventions may offer greater leverage than late-stage amyloid-targeted approaches
