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In summary, monothiol mechanism (iii), as exemplified for roGFP2(S 2 ) in Fig

Polymeric nanogel precursors were synthesized by the copolymerization of pyridyl disulfide methacrylate (PDSMA) and poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA)

Triggers of elevated ceramide levels comprise hyperosmotic shock [122], secreted sphingomyelinases (SMases) during inflammation [125], sepsis [126] or severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [127], Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin [128], and platelet-activating factor [129]

In addition to HA and IR, emerging evidence highlights the role of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and gut microbiota dysbiosis as critical upstream contributors to ROS overproduction [13]