Phase I, driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme family, breaks down fat-soluble toxins via oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis
Initially, frequent injections may be required to build up a sufficient store of vitamin B12
In muscle injury model studies, muscle injury (such as trauma, exerciseinduced injury, or diseaserelated damage) triggers a series of pathophysiological processes including myofiber rupture, inflammatory responses, and muscle stem cell activation
Lab and animal studies build on this as well, showing the extract reduces inflammatory signals, boosts a protein important for barrier health (filaggrin), and has anti-itch/antibacterial activity (including against C.acnes, the bacteria linked to breakouts)