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2DG-IR 2-deoxyglucose infrared (glucose analog) 4D-FastDIA 4-dimensional fast data-independent acquisition A Amyloid-beta AD Alzheimers disease ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase ANLS Astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle APC/C-Cdh1 Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome and its coactivator Cdh1 ATP Adenosine triphosphate BDNF Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor BHB -hydroxybutyrate BK channel Large conductance Ca 2+ activated potassium channel CAP Compound action potential CNS Central Nervous System CREB cAMP response element-binding protein CSF1R Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor CX3CR1 CX3C chemokine receptor 1 EAAC1 Excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (neuronal glutamate transporter) EAAT1/2 Excitatory amino acid transporter 1/2 (astrocytic glutamate transporters) fAHP Fast afterhyperpolarization FDG 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose G6P Glucose-6-phosphate GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid GCL Glutamate cysteine ligase Glc-6-P Glucose-6-phosphate GLT-1/GLAST Na + -dependent transporters GLUT Glucose transporter (e.g., GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT4) GPCR G protein-coupled receptor GRAB GPCR Activation-Based (biosensor) GSH Glutathione GSK3 Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta HIF-1 Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha HK2 Hexokinase 2 iPSC Induced pluripotent stem cell LDH Lactate dehydrogenase (e.g., LDHA, LDHB) LTD Long-term depression LTP Long-term potentiation MCT Monocarboxylate transporter (e.g., MCT1, MCT2, MCT4) MCU Mitochondrial calcium uniporter mLDH/cLDH Mitochondrial/cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase MPTP 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (neurotoxin) mTOR Mechanistic target of rapamycin NAD+/NADH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized/reduced) NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) NAC N-acetylcysteine NF-B Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells Nrf2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 PD Parkinsons disease PDK4 Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 PFK Phosphofructokinase PFKFB3 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 PGC-1 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha PKM1/PKM2 Pyruvate kinase M1/M2 isoforms PLC Phospholipase C PPP Pentose phosphate pathway ROS Reactive Oxygen Species SCFAs Short-chain fatty acids SFO Subfornical organ SIRT1 Sirtuin 1 SUR1 Sulfonylurea receptor 1 (component of K-ATP channel) Sxc Cystine/glutamate antiporter (system xc ) TCA Tricarboxylic acid TNF- Tumor necrosis factor-alpha TREM2 Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 Glossary References 1 AkiyoshiR.WakeH.KatoD.HoriuchiH.OnoR.IkegamiA.et al

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