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Traditional treatmentsincluding transurethral resection of bladder tumors, intravesical chemotherapy, and radical cystectomyexhibit significant limitations in drug delivery efficiency and anti-resistance efficacy, failing to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes
Berndt C et al
Unresolved inflammation can result in sustained and the production of multiple factors that contribute to decreased TJ expression and increased BBB permeability, including interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-), IL-6, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-B), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Hofmann et al., 1999
Microchimica Acta 183 , 21852195, (2016)
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