Most of the work in laboratory animals demonstrates that the positive effects of increased leucine intake or high-protein diets are most pronounced when the animals are also consuming a high-fat diet
428,429 However, the reported findings are inconsistent, possibly due to selection bias and small study sizes
This information may then give rise on one hand to an interoceptive, anti-inflammatory feedback signal sent to the inflamed region via ANS-derived catecholamines and HPA axis-derived corticosteroids, and on the other hand, to the involvement of limbic and cortical brain regions, which modulate the interoceptive networks by involving emotion, memory and cognition
Importantly, the largest reductions in BMI were observed in the southern United States, which also reported the highest rates of GLP-1 RA dispensing claims (Rader et al., 2024), a geographic concordance that is consistent with a causal contribution of these pharmacotherapies to the observed population-level BMI decline