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Complementary mechanisms

Recent studies show that mitochondrial dysfunction of diabetic subjects is closely related to lifestyle factors, including diet, physical activity, sleep, and stress.Citation 53,54 ) Prolonged exercise and diet intervention can reverse, at least partly, the mitochondrial deficiency and improve the metabolic flexibility and insulin sensitivity in patients with T2DM.Citation 54,55 ) Recently, dietary PQQ supplementation has been revealed to enhance mitochondrial function and biogenesis and improve metabolic homeostasis in mice and rats.Citation 5658 ) PQQ deficiency in young mice increases the plasma glucose level, reduces hepatic mitochondrial content by 2030%, and suppresses mitochondrial respiration.Citation 56 ) Similarly, rats fed a diet deficient in PQQ exhibit elevated plasma lipid and ketone bodies owing to lower mitochondrial content and decreased energy expenditure.Citation 57 ) More importantly, PQQ supplementation reverses the mitochondrial alterations and metabolic impairment and significantly improves the lipid profile in diabetic UCD-T2DM rats.Citation 56,57 ) Mechanistically, mitochondrial biogenesis and function are stimulated by the transcriptional coactivator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1), through activation of the nuclear respiratory factor (NRF-1 and NRF-2).Citation 59 ) The transcription factor cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) increases transcription of PGC-1 via a conserved CREB-binding site in the proximal promoter and is activated by exercise or fasting.Citation 60 ) Indeed, the exposure of mouse Hepa 16 hepatocytes to PQQ elevates PGC-1 promoter activity by enhancing CREB transcriptional activity and stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis (Fig

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For individuals with demanding lifestyles or specific health concerns, regular IV Therapy sessions may be beneficial