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The results were striking: Genes upregulated by GHK-Cu include: Collagen I, III, and VII synthesis genes (structural repair) Decorin and proteoglycan genes (extracellular matrix integrity) Antioxidant defense genes (SOD2, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) BDNF and nerve growth factor genes (neural repair and neuroprotection) Anti-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-10, TGF-1) Angiogenesis genes (VEGF, angiopoietin new blood vessel formation) Stem cell self-renewal pathways Genes downregulated by GHK-Cu include: Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-6, IL-1) Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1, MMP-3 (enzymes that degrade collagen and connective tissue) Oxidative stress genes Pathways associated with cancer progression and metastasis The pro-inflammatory gene suppression is particularly notable
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However, another report demonstrated mitochondrial stress and bioenergetics defects in GPx1 null mice ( Figure 3 ), and hence plays a key role in protecting phospholipids, cholesteryl esters and cardiolipin and defense against apoptosis and maintenance of ETC and OXPHOS ( + / - cells are sensitive to oxidative stress triggers (Muller et al., 2007)
Metformin therapy and cognitive dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis and systematic review
