Various topical, oral, and injection-based cosmetic skin-lightening agents with different mechanisms of action are used widely across Asia, including hydroquinone, azelaic acid, kojic acid, mulberry, alpha-arbutin, beta-arbutin, glutathione, licorice root, papaya, vitamin A (e.g., retinol), vitamin B (i.e., niacinamide), and vitamin C
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Therefore, receiving a B12 injection can help alleviate symptoms associated with B12 deficiency, such as fatigue, weakness, and cognitive impairment
[7] [8] However, during other metabolic activities, NAD+ is consumed by NAD+-dependent enzymes and may subsequently become depleted over time, contributing to increased DNA damage, age-related illnesses and diseases, and mitochondrial malfunction