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Other peptides act on collagen gene expression (GHK-Cu via the MAPK/ERK pathway), tissue repair (BPC-157, TB-500), sleep-wake neurochemistry (DSIP via GABAergic and NMDA systems), and cortisol modulation, each targeting a distinct pathway disrupted during the menopausal transition

The treatment group showed improved melatonin secretion patterns, with 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (the primary urinary melatonin metabolite) increasing by 42% from baseline

This review summarizes some of the TCMs commonly found in this field, including terpenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and quinones

Retatrutide carries the same class-level concern