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amino-acid AA alcohol-accepting ANA alcohol-non-accepting AUD alcohol use disorder BBB blood-brain barrier CeA central nucleus of the amygdala CNS central nervous system CPP conditioned place preference CREB cAMP response element-binding protein D2R dopamine D2 receptor DLS dorsolateral DMS dorsomedial DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4 Ex4 exendin-4 fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging GHS-R1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a GI gastrointestinal GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1 GLP-1R glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor GOAT ghrelin O-acyltransferase HAD high-alcohol-preferring HPA hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary LAD low-alcohol-preferring LDTg laterodorsal tegmental area LS long-sleep MSNs medium spiny neurons NAc nucleus accumbens NK1R neurokinin 1 receptor NK2R neurokinin 2 receptor NK3R neurokinin 3 receptor NP alcohol-non-preferring NPY neuropeptide Y NT neurotensin NTS1 neurotensin receptor type 1 NTS2 neurotensin receptor type 2 OCDS Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale P alcohol-preferring PACS Pennsylvania Alcohol Craving Scores PFC prefrontal cortex QTL quantitative trait loci REM rapid eye movement sleep SN substantia nigra SNPs single-nucleotide polymorphisms SP substance P SS short-sleep WHP Warsaw high-preferring WLP Warsaw low-preferring VTA ventral tegmental area

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The Role of L-Carnitine L-Carnitine is an amino acid derivative that plays a crucial role in converting stored fat into usable energy