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Another interesting study developed plasmid gene-activated osteochondral scaffold that could produce TGF-1 for chondrogenic layer and BMP-2 for osteogenic layer

IGF-1 LR3 also interacts with other growth-related hormones, such as growth hormone (GH), amplifying the anabolic effects and supporting systemic regeneration

Collins JA, Wood ST, Nelson KJ et al (2016) Oxidative stress promotes peroxiredoxin hyperoxidation and attenuates pro-survival signaling in aging chondrocytes

Experimentally, solute permeabilities are determined using a transwell assay from the concentrations in the apical (luminal, C L ) and basolateral (abluminal, C A ) compartments after time t using: where V A is the volume of the basolateral compartment (see Supporting Material for details)