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2.2 Pathological mechanisms in DKD In DKD, the susceptibility to ferroptosis is jointly driven by iron metabolism disorder, impaired antioxidant defenses, and enhanced lipid peroxidation (Figure 1)
Alcohol-related gut dysfunction alters this signaling, increasing inflammatory cytokines and neuroactive compounds that influence mood, cognition, sleep, and cravings (45)
(11) Disclaimer: The information is presented in this article is for educational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose, prevent, or treat any medical or psychological conditions
studies in kidney tissue and in animal models showed a reduction of NF-kB activity after the administration of exendin-4 [43, 44]
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