Neurological symptoms are particularly characteristic and may include: Paraesthesia (pins and needles) in the hands and feet Numbness or altered sensation in the extremities Difficulty with balance and coordination, often due to spinal cord involvement (subacute combined degeneration) Memory problems and cognitive impairment Mood changes, including depression and irritability Visual disturbances (rare and usually in advanced deficiency) Haematological manifestations commonly present as symptoms of anaemia: Persistent fatigue and weakness Breathlessness, particularly on exertion Palpitations or rapid heartbeat Pale or jaundiced (yellowish) skin Glossitis (sore, red tongue) Mouth ulcers Additional signs may include: Unexplained weight loss Diarrhoea or constipation Loss of appetite Muscle weakness The severity and combination of symptoms vary considerably between individuals

But even within that framework, the recognized indications for IV nutrition in ambulatory adults include short bowel syndrome, chronic motility disorders, radiation enteritis, and post-bariatric surgery malabsorption
Known as the master antioxidant, glutathione plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular health and combating oxidative stress
Recent advancements in single-cell and spatial transcriptomics, along with proteomics and bioinformatics, have highlighted the intercellular communication between malignant epithelial cells and stromal cells, which is of particular interest for future research (Table 4)