Increased levels of NAPQI reduce the ability to detoxify a host of toxic chemicals in the environment, increasing oxidative stress, which leads to protein, lipid, and nucleic acid damage from free radicals
Along with the glycolysis pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) also contributes to carbohydrate and amino acid catabolism 79
It has been reported that ASTs, such as monothiol glutaredoxin, glutaredoxin (GRX), thioredoxin (TRX), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), ferritin, monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR), peroxiredoxin (PrxR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), have various ROS scavenging enzyme activities 60,61
Here are some key ways to overcome a shortfall: B12 injections - These shots delivered by a doctor quickly elevate B12 levels in the body