The assay buffer consisted of DMEM without phenol red (Gibco #11880-028) supplemented with 10 mM HEPES (Gibco #15630-056), 1X GlutaMAX (Gibco #35020-038), and 1% (w/v) ovalbumin (Sigma A5503), 0.1% (v/v) Pluronic F-68 (Gibco, #24040-032)
Vitamin D is fat-soluble and can accumulate to toxic levels, causing nausea, weakness, and kidney damage
Based on data from several studies previously, both incretins share a few common insulinotropic actions, like increasing insulin secretion, enhancing resistance to apoptosis, and increased -cell proliferation, but also differ in a few biological attributes, like GIP stimulates the pancreas by increasing glucagon secretion and acts on the gastric tract by inhibiting gastric acid secretion, whereas GLP 1 decreases glucagon secretion and acts on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by decreasing gastric emptying and postprandial blood glucose (8, 10)
Specific clinical scenarios where injections are the standard of care include pernicious anemia, severe malabsorption syndromes, post-bariatric surgery when oral supplementation has failed, and critically low serum B12 levels accompanied by neurological deterioration