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In DPPOS year 9, vitamin B 12 deficiency rates were 4.4%, 5.9%, and 4.9% for GG, AG and AA genotype groups in the placebo arm, vs 5.7%, 6.6%, and 18.7% in those respective genotype groups in the metformin arm (ESM Table 9)

In clinical practice, the high-confidence indications are narrower and more specific than the internet suggests

A longer fast ensures fasting glucose and lipid values are truly fasting numbers rather than postprandial values masquerading as fasting ones

They are grouped purely as a research convenience so that researchers can study individual versus separate peptide activity, cross-pathway interactions and compatibility within multi-compound experimental systems