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Multidrug resistance-associated protein-1 (MRP-1)-dependent glutathione disulfide (GSSG) efflux as a critical survival factor for oxidant-enriched tumorigenic endothelial cells
FIGURE 5 Kartogenin (KGN), a chondrogenic small molecule, binds filamin A and blocks its interaction with core-binding factor (CBF), thereby activating CBF and upregulating RUNX1 to drive chondrocyte differentiation and chondroprotection (Johnson et al., 2012)
On the other hand, VEGF-mediated cell invasion is promoted by the expression of MT (membrane type)-MMP (matrix metalloproteinase), MMP-2, MMP-9 and urokinase plasminogen activator which degrade the basal membrane and extracellular matrix allowing migration of endothelial cells and the formation of capillary sprouts [123, 125]
This modulation may lead to better-supported subperiosteal bone formation, resulting in a potential increase in bone dimensions without necessarily altering the intrinsic volumetric mineral density
