Through the years, GLP-1s have improved after exenatide (Byetta), we saw liraglutide (Victoza / Saxenda), dulaglutide (Trulicity), semaglutide (Ozempic / Wegovy), and tirzepatide (Mounjaro / Zepbound)
This phenomenon appears to be multifactorial, driven by increased awareness of androgen deficiency syndromes, the expanding off-label prescription of testosterone preparations, and the widespread non-medical use of anabolicandrogenic steroids (AAS) to enhance physical performance and appearance
But oxidation by cytochrome P450 enzymes is one of the most common forms of bioactivation, resulting in toxic drug metabolites that can bind to cellular macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, or DNA, initiating cellular damage, inflammation, or even carcinogenesis
Interestingly, interventions that boost NAD + levels resulted in extended lifespan in worms and mice 108,109,111,247 , suggesting a therapeutic potential for raising NAD + in various pathological conditions or age-associated diseases