Cells were seeded at a density of 5000 cells per well in 200 l fresh culture medium (DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin solution) into 96-well flat-bottomed microtitre plates (Costar, Corning, USA) and incubated at 37 C in humidified 5% CO 2 using AutoFlow NU-5510 Direct Heat CO 2 Incubator (NuAire, USA) for 24 hours before treatment
Unlike oral supplements such as tablets, capsules, sprays and tinctures, intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration of nutrients bypass the gastrointestinal tract entirely, facilitating the direct delivery of Vitamins and minerals into the bloodstream
poor nutrition, environmental toxins, and stress
However, for individuals who have difficulty absorbing B12 from food or who are at risk for deficiency, injections may be necessary