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Mol Aspects Med 2009
Nevertheless, direct evidence for ergogenic effects in healthy athletes is limited and methodologically weak ( Mechanistic cardio-protective rationale During intense or prolonged exertion, elite athletes may develop cardiac remodeling, transient myocardial hypoxia, oxidative stress, and accumulation of acylcarnitines, factors that can compromise function and promote arrhythmias ( -oxidation, promoting glucose oxidation (e.g., via pyruvate dehydrogenase and hexokinase), and thereby improving myocardial energy efficiency under hypoxic conditions ( Experimental work suggests modulation of PPAR- /PGC-1 linked pathways, suppression of mitochondrial ROS, and improved recovery of cardiac function after ischemic or metabolic insult (4143)
Liam Li of Ernst & Young LLP contributed to this article.
It seems to counteract toxicity of chemicals in several ways: due to its dual role as a nucleophile and as a -SH donor by replenishing glutathione by reducing N-acetyl-pbenzoquinonimine by performing hepatoprotective actions related to its antioxidant properties It works best for reducing toxicity when taken within eight to 10 hours of an overdose
