All of these, if present or present at high levels can indicate illness or infection, mainly relating to the heart, liver, kidneys & urinary tract
Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1764664 Received 10 December 2025 Revised 25 March 2026 Accepted 30 March 2026 Published 22 April 2026 Volume 13 - 2026 Edited by Isabella Panfoli, University of Genoa, Italy Reviewed by Raffaele Carraro, La Princesa University Hospital, Spain Kumar Ashish, CarolinaEast Medical Center, United States Updates Copyright 2026 Harbi, Ashour, Alorfi, Aldurdunji, Wali and Alzahrani
Its structure, though robust enough for biological activity, can be susceptible to degradation from environmental factors