Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia [FRGS/1/2016/STG07/UNIM/02/1] and by the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya
however, the mechanisms controlling ER redox balance remain poorly understood
Interestingly, HIIT is a potent inducer of complex 1 enhancement in skeletal muscle (Bishop et al., 2014), leading to a greater mitochondrial ATP production and increase carbohydrate phosphorylation (Nilsson et al., 2019), which is impaired in melanocytes from vitiligo patients (DellAnna et al., 2017)
3.7 Mechanisms of action across probiotic genera The therapeutic efficacy of the diverse probiotic spectrum, spanning Bifidobacterium , Lactobacillus , spore-formers, and yeasts, is underpinned by a convergent yet distinct set of molecular mechanisms that maintain host homeostasis